Physics-based mathematical models running in parallel with live telemetry to estimate internal degradation invisible to external sensors.
The shadow twin models internal battery cell core temperatures and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer growth from current and voltage histories, predicting capacity fade with 98% accuracy.
By calculating I²R Joule heating and cooling convection curves in real time, the shadow twin detects motor thermal stress before insulation breakdown occurs, dynamically commanding speed derating.